Public Space Political: Political Communication in a Pluralistic Society

Public Space Political: Political Communication in a Pluralistic Society

"All actions concerning the rights of others

which do not comply with kepublikan maksimnya is not fair. "

- Immanuel Kant

NATION we are entering a very important stage of history with hold direct presidential elections. However, this is just the beginning. It is claimed early success as a successful democratic election. The understanding of democracy in countries that are hold transition from authoritarianism to democracy as our country is minimal. Democracy is understood as fair elections take place. This minimalist democracy ignores the process of the elections and other elections. However, if the opposite of the concept of democracy itself, we can not stop on a minimalist attitude.

DEMOCRACY per definitionem, such as solid formulated in German, is Regierung der regierten (rule of the governed). If so, submit the confidence granted to the perpetrators of the political system, the results of the election-executive, legislative, and judicial-are not going to meet that definition. They are governed must have access to influence in the political system. If you want maximum democracy, the gap between the two elections should be filled with political participation of citizens in the broadest sense. In most democracies this is the concept of public space occupy a central place.

If democracy does not merely formalistic understood, he must give citizens the possibility to express their opinion publicly. Space or, say, a stage where citizens can express their opinions, interests, and needs discursively and free of pressure that is the core idea of ​​political public space. The concept of space here is not metaphorical, but real, so far as we do not understand it as a geometric space measured and characterized by physical. Social space is formed through communication, that is, as Hannah Arendt said, a scope for an "I" to declare "kesiapaannya" in the presence of a "you" that an act together with a "we" becomes possible.

In the classical theories of democracy known concept volonte generale (general purpose), namely public decisions that reflect the interests of all the people. An ancient concept which comes from Jean-Jacques Rousseau is still adopted in modern parliamentarism practices though the concept was born out of a relatively small community homogeneous: public cantons of Switzerland. Hard to imagine the realization volonte generale in a plural society with a diversity of values ​​and lifestyle orientation in the era of market globalization and information today. The idea of ​​political public space could explain the relevance of the classical concept that in a complex society like the people of Indonesia.

What is the political public space?

In today's pluralistic society, an identification of "sovereignty of the people" with "representatives of the people" in the House of Representatives (DPR) / People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) is becoming increasingly difficult because of the political system "was" one subsystem among other subsystems in a complex society. Therefore, the concept of popular sovereignty should be interpreted in a new way. If the parliament is just one of the subsystems of complex society, people's sovereignty should conceivably surpassed the representative system, which is the intensity of the discursive interactions between various subsystems in a pluralistic society. In other words, sovereignty is "the totality of the form" and "content of communication" about public affairs which took place, both in the political system (executive, legislative, and judicial) as well as in the wider community.

If this interpretation is acceptable, political public space that functions well and the sovereignty of the people is one and the same. The concept of political public space is a new understanding of the concept of sovereignty that this concept can be applied in a complex society in a globalized world.

In his early work, Strukturwandel der Oeffentlichkeit (Structural Changes in Public Space), Juergen Habermas describes the political public space as the conditions of communication that allows citizens to form an opinion and common will discursively (1). The question now is, which of the conditions referred to by Habermas?

First, participation in political communication was only possible if we use the same language with consistent semantics and logic used. All citizens who are able to communicate to participate in the political public space.

Second, all participants in the political public space have equal opportunities to reach a consensus that is fair and treats its communication partner as a person capable of autonomous take responsibility and not as a tool used for purposes beyond themselves.

Third, there should be common rules that protect the communication process of repression and discrimination so that participants can ensure that the consensus achieved only through a better argument. In short, political public space must be "inclusive", "egalitarian", and "free of pressure" (2). We can add other traits: pluralism, multiculturalism, tolerance, and so on. These characteristics are in accordance with the contents kepublikan concept itself, which can be entered by anyone.

Where is the space locus inclusive, egalitarian, and free of pressure that in a pluralistic society? If we, as Habermas analyzes, imagine a complex society today as three major components, namely the market economy (capitalism), the bureaucratic system (state), and social solidarity (community), the locus of political public space lies in the components of social solidarity. He should be imagined as an autonomous space which distinguish themselves, either from the market or from the state.

In this era of market globalization and information today, it is hard to imagine the existence of a forum or a stage of political communication that is free from the influence of the state or the market. Most seminars, public discussions, demonstrations, and so funded, facilitated, and formatted by major financial power, whether the power of business, party, or international organizations and so on. Almost no longer a neutral locus of economic and political influence. If so, the political public sphere must be understood in "normative": space that is not only in the official forum, but everywhere the citizens to meet and get together to discuss themes that are relevant to the community free of intervention forces outside the meeting. We find a political public space, for example, in the protest movement, the advocacy action, the struggle forum of human rights, in an interactive political debate on television or radio, the conversation concerns in the stalls, and so on.

Different from democracy in societies that are relatively small and homogeneous, democracy in a complex society such as the gigantic size of our society can not function satisfactorily only by relying on the performance of the representatives in the DPR / MPR. Subject sovereignty of the people in a pluralistic society should not be limited to parliamentary actors. It should be the subject of the actors in the political public space, and they are what we call civil society. They are made up of associations, organizations, and movements that formed spontaneously for listening, compacting, and voiced loudly into the political public space social problems stemming from the private area (3).

Civil society is not only the perpetrators, but also a producer of political public space. As researched by J Cohen and A Arato, political public space generated civil society actors was characterized by a "plurality" (such as family, informal groups, and voluntary organizations), "publicity" (like the mass media and cultural institutions), "privacy "(such as moral and personal development), and the" legality "(the structure of law and basic rights) (4).

Function of political public space

In the Soeharto regime, the state intervened formation of public opinion by reason of maintaining national stability, overseeing the mass media are strictly for the sake of national security, stigmatize the opposition, and hinder the spontaneous formation of political groups. The current government justify its repressive policy on the grounds that the country already equipped with DPR / MPR for canalization public aspirations, while the representative institutions have been under the domination of the executive.

Still wet in our memory how the presidential elections occur every chorus agrees that a ritual for the re-election of Soeharto for the umpteenth time. There can be no difference of opinion. Acclamation prepared in advance. New Order state is an authoritarian administrative system which hinders the formation of political public space by creating a false public who act as though representing volonte generale.

New Order state not only do not have a connection to the source of loyalty and legitimitasnya, but also lacks sensibility to the real social problems faced. The lack of connection is what causes people withdraw legitimacy of the Suharto government through reform movement. Reform none other than building a network that connects to the source legitimitasnya political system: the people.

In a democratic constitutional state, political public space serves as an alarm system with a sensitive sensor that reaches the entire community. First, he accepted the situation and formulate a socio-political problem. Beyond that, the second, he also became a mediator between the diversity of lifestyles and value orientation in society on the one hand and the political system and economic system on the other. We can imagine the political public space as an intermediate structure between the community, the state, and the economy. Social organizations based on religion, non-governmental organizations, scholars associations, ethnic associations, solidarity groups, the movement of citizen initiatives, and many more in the public sphere signaled their problem to be managed by the state.

Public space serves both politically if it is "transparent" reflecting back problems faced by the affected immediately. Transparency was only possible if the public space in front autonomous bureaucratic power and business power. Normative demands is certainly difficult to reconcile with the fact that the electronic and print media in our communities often face the dilemma that is not easily solved in the face of political pressure nor the owners of capital. However, it does not mean that the perpetrators of the public space just give up on the market imperatives and bureaucratic. Without meeting the demands of normative, public space will only become "extensions" of the market and the state alone.

Certainly hard to imagine public space as free space power. Instead, political public space is precisely the power network is very complex because every form of association in our society to form its own public space that wants to impose its needs. We can use the results of the analysis of Habermas to distinguish the two types of political public space in our society (5).

The first type is said to be "authentic public space" -is a public space consisting of a communication process organized by the non-formal institutions that organize themselves. Communication here interwoven horizontally, inclusive, and discursive. The actors in this first type comes from the public itself, living on their own strength, and participate in the dissemination, multiplication, and protection of public spaces. The student movement that encourages reform is an example of this first type. In this movement we are witnessing the emergence of political public space in our country.

The actors have a sense of authentic public space on the dangers that threaten our communication rights as citizens and oppose any attempt to repress minorities and marginalized. This authentic space development will be largely determined by the civic courage and civic friendship that grows among citizens. It appears, for example, in the guts of a media broadcast, publish, or broadcast news into the public's right to know, but striking the interests of investors or the bureaucracy: the anti-corruption movement, for example. Multiplication actor or institution that has civic virtues such as this is a condition of the formation of an authentic public space.

They both types of "public space is not authentic" - is the power of influence on the decision of the voters, consumers, and clients to mobilize loyalty, purchasing power, and their behavior through the mass media. Different from the first, the actors here just "wear" the existing public space with the help of external sources of them, namely money and power. Political parties and business associations in our society is included in this second type. This kind of public space that is dominant in society that run daily life.

After the student movement contributed to the delegitimation of the Suharto regime in 1998, open public space immediately occupied by market forces and the bureaucracy. Foster public space means not only the multiplication of authentic public space, but also continue to control gait perpetrators public space is not authentic. Society must liberate themselves from the culture of silence to critical culture, from indeferensi to political participation, of a mass character to the community.

In a democratic constitutional state, the mass media is the fourth power after the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The mass media can function properly in the political public space if autonomous not only from the state and the market, but also of the actors of the public sphere. He should be able to neutralize the influence of money and power to manipulate the political public space. He did not possibly be separated entirely from the actors of the second type, but it can and should capture and catapult the voices that reflect the widest kepublikan.

Communication between the public and the political system

It has been said above that the reform was none other than an attempt to open channels of political communication in a pluralistic society. While the revolution could have changed the state system, the state system reform existing laws diradikalkan communicatively. Reform is none other than to get rid of political communication barriers between the political system (executive, legislative, and judicial) and political public space.

According to Habermas, characterized by a modern democratic constitutional state in case of an intensive political communication between the public and the political system (6). Habermas, in my opinion, succeeded in explaining a large problem that sought social and political activists in our society, namely how to connect the aspirations of the public, victims, minorities, and so on are represented by non-formal organization with a political system. Diskursivitas models between the public and the political system can explain it.

In the political public space, civil society hold public discourse in many forms and contents. Pluralism beliefs and opinions are often berkontroversi one another, of which have niveau low to high. The voices in the political public sphere characterized by anarchic and unstructured. Political public space is a good locus for communication manipulative and unlimited communication. However, it does not mean that the voices that can be taken for granted as public opinion. Suppose all voices have access in the public decision making process without the filter, such a government would not only bad, but also can be considered nothing.

Here we can imagine that there are two kinds of filters in democratic procedures: the filter in the political public space itself and filter political system. An opinion has the quality as public opinion if it escapes from the filter of public space. Public readers and listeners could have been manipulated or intimidated to receive an opinion, but such opinion remains to be disputed authenticity for public still get access to test validity.

All that proved to be the result of manipulation and intimidation-if testing can not be publicly opened and counted as public opinion. Of course, manipulation and intimidation could very terancang be systemic, such as the Nazi regime or the regime. However, all "system lie" is uncovered and open to the public eye, all the belief that during the regime of terror was upheld in a democratic government will prove to be manipulation.

There is no denying that social power and political power often also come into play in determining the screening process opinion that political public space. Not only influential figures, but also institutions respected and has power. However, once again, for the role of this power can be checked by the public, which opinion was not affected by the power immune to public criticism.

We witnessed how corruption in our society can only be eradicated if the public had a role because of corruption-as well as lies and secrets to hide from the public spotlight. Meeting or looseness of the filter in the public space is determined by the public itself. The more critical and vital a society, the more detailed the public in the community to develop the filter. The newspapers are provocative indeed allowed, but if the political provocation recognizable as mere provocation, newspapers such will be abandoned and passion sensation seeking to immigrate to other fields, such as art, lifestyle, or eroticism.

If the public is intelligent, rational selection will occur between arguments to win a better argument, which is then received quality as public opinion. Because public communication following the norms better argument, the sound quality will be more decisive than the quantity. Is a better argument will get a majority or not, will be largely determined by the quality of the public itself.

Struggle received public recognition it will enter the political stage if a public opinion into the filter political system. In the political system there is also a public. The public here has a different quality than the public in the political public space. This is different from the last one, the public in the political system is strong because of the proximity of their access to public decision-making: representatives of the people, the president, cabinet, judiciary, and so on.

Filter political system consists of a system or procedure law: the constitution and laws product. This legal procedure can diasalkan from the previous political communication between the political public sphere and the political system. In other words, the political system filters should also not be kept out of the public discursive testing. Public opinion into the filter it and won a majority in the legislature will change its quality system into public decision: legal product. Everyday language used in political public space translated into legal language is official.

A plural society that has a vital political public space that we can call as a strong community. Such strong community must be balanced with a strong government as well. A society that has a strong passion democratization, but the political system is weak, will not be able to filter incoming insistence mass power to impose his will. It happens in "anarchism". Instead, an autonomous political system of society and tend to walk according to the logic of power will destroy the political public space. It happens in totalitarianism.

A democratic constitutional state must have a strong community and strong leadership. The political system should not be independent of political public space. He should continue to get food and life of the public space precisely because of it he won the loyalty and legitimitasnya source. Strong government in this sense is a government that is able to facilitate political communication between the political system and civil society in the political public space.

The idea of ​​political public space, as noted above, can reconstruct the classical concept of sovereignty. Sovereignty of the people is not a direct democracy in the sense of mass actions to impose the will of the political system. In the democratic constitutional state boundaries between state and society should be respected, but the limits should not be kept too rigid. Respect for the boundaries between society and the state must be accompanied by attempts to dilute the process of communication between the two.

An understanding of the political public space take distance against the idea of ​​direct democracy. If we accept the idea of ​​political public space, we have to accept a model of representative democracy, as is usually done in modern law countries. However, representative democracy was in control of the public with its networks. Public control and indirect, ie through dikursivitas. Diskursivitas between political public space and the political system that the realization of the idea of ​​popular sovereignty in a pluralistic society.

F Budi Hardiman Lecturer STF Driyarkara Program Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Laws at the University of Pelita Harapan

Note:
1. See Habermas, J, Strukturwandel der Oeffenlichkeit, STW, Frankfurt aM, 1990, pp 38
2. Look Budi Hardiman, F, Demokratie als Diskurs, (unpublished thesis), Munich, 1996, p 15
3. See Habermas, J, Faktizitaet und Geltung, Shurkamp, ​​Frankfurt aM, 1992, pp 443
4. Budi Hardiman, p 52
5. Cf. Habermas, J, Strukturwandel der Oeffentlichkeit, STW, Frankfurt aM, 1990, pp 28
6. See Budi Hardiman, p 57
Source: Kompas Cyber ​​Media

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SOCIAL RELATIONS IN SOCIETY COMPOUND

SOCIAL RELATIONS IN SOCIETY COMPOUND

PRELIMINARY
Indonesia is a plural society, diversity is characterized by the existence of tribes, each of which has a way of life or culture prevailing in society on their own tribe so that it reflects the difference and separation between the ethnic groups with other tribes , but live together in one container Indonesian society and under the auspices of the national system with national culture which is based on Pancasila and the Constitution of 1945 (Suparlan, 1989: 4).

Geertz (in Nasikun, 1991: 29) mentions that there are more than 300 tribes in Indonesia where each tribe has its own language and cultural identity distinct scattered throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Each ethnic generally occupy a certain geographical area which is the original tribe and categorized as ethnic natives. Even Skinner (1959: 5-6), said that the more than 35 ethnic groups in Indonesia, each with the language and customs are not the same. While Koentjaraningrat (1982: 346-347), states that to date what is actually each the number of tribes in Indonesia, it is still difficult to determine with certainty. This is partly due to the scope of the term concept tribes can expand or constrict, which depends on subjectivity.

There are several factors that cause why the plurality of the Indonesian society as it happens. Geographical circumstances which divides the territory of Indonesia for more than 13,000 islands scattered along the equator in an area of ​​approximately 3,000 miles from east to west and more than 1,000 miles from north to south, is a huge factor influence on the creation of a plurality of ethnic groups in Indonesia ( Liem, 1968: 17-18). When the ancestors of Indonesia who is now the first time he came in waves as emigrants from the area we now know as South China area at approximately 2,000 years before Christ, a similar geographical circumstances that have forced them to have to settle down in the area separated from each other. Such geographic isolation in later resulted in population that occupies every island in this archipelago grow into a whole tribe consists of a number of people who are united by emotional ties, as well as seeing themselves masng each as a separate type (Siributani, 1963: 39-40).

To cultural differences among the respective tribes in Indonesia, according to Suparlan (1989: 4-5), the khakekatnya caused by the differences in the historical development of each culture and by adaptation to the environment respectively. Pluralistic Indonesian society becomes more complex because of the number of citizens / people of Indonesia are classified as descendants of foreigners who live in and become part of Indonesian society. They have a different culture to the cultures that exist in general that belongs to the people of Indonesia.

In carrying out a life together, a variety of different ethnic cultural backgrounds will be involved in a reciprocal relationship called social interaction, which in turn will develop the social interalasi. Social interaction is a necessary condition for the occurrence of social activities. In social activities will occur reciprocal social relations (social interrelationship) dynamic between people with people, people with a group and the group with the group. Soekanto (1990: 66), stating the changes and developments in terms of the people who embody its dynamic, due to its citizens to experience relationships with each other, either in the form of individuals and social groups. Thus it can be said that there is a social process that ways of relating are seen when individual persons and social groups meet each other and determine the system and forms of the relationship.

Patterns of social relations between ethnic stated Benton (in Martodirdjo, 2000: 9), some kind of relationship each marked by the specifications in the process of social contact that occurs, the acculturation, domination, paternalism, pluralism and integration. Further explained that acculturation occurs if the two ethnic groups to make contact and each influences the other. Domination occurs when an ethnic group dominate another group. Paternalism is the relationship between ethnic groups, which reveal an excess of one group against another group, without the element of domination. Pluralism is an hubungan1 that occurs among a number of ethnic groups in which recognize the recognition of political equality and civil rights for community groups concerned. Integration is a pattern of relationships which emphasizes equality and integrate with each other even between one group to another. The relationship patterns that only occur when an individual or groups of people work together, talk to each other to achieve a common goal.

In social relations different communities of the cultural background, will produce two possibilities, namely whether they are positive or negative. Positive social interaction will arise when meeting various ethnic groups in a pluralistic society is able to create an atmosphere of harmonious social relations. Negative social interaction arises when the social relationships that are not harmonized because of differences in attitude in life together.

Factors that facilitate social integration terjadinnya in a plural society different cultural backgrounds, according Soekanto (1990: 90) are as follows: (1) tolerance among groups that are in a society; (2) equal opportunities in the field of economics; (3) mutual respect of culture that is supported by other communities by recognizing the advantages and disadvantages of each; (4) open attitude of the ruling class in society, which, among others, embodied in the provision of equal opportunities for minorities in various areas of social life; (5) knowledge of the equation elements in the culture of each group through a variety of special cultural studies (subcultures); (6) through intermarriage among various groups of different cultures, and; (7) the existence of a common enemy threats from outside the community groups that led to the existing groups seeking a compromise in order to jointly face the external enemy which endanger the public.

SOCIAL RELATIONS
Humans as social beings in life basically in to make ends meet and sustain human life in need of others around him. Or in other words that the human life is inseparable relationship with other human, so human relations is an objective necessity.

Analysis of social human beings have been carried out for example Aristotle (in Sadli, 1977: 9), which states that human beings are social beings (zoon politicoon; man is a social animal). Bouman (1957: 32), suggests that the new man be a man after man was living with another man. Soekanto (1990: 75), stated that in man there is a desire essentially have the desire to become one with another human being and the desire to be one with the natural surroundings. According to Abu Ahmadi (in Arkanudin, 2005: 63), the human relationship with the environment include: (1) an individual can be at odds with the environment; (2) individuals can use the environment; (3) individuals can participate with the environment and; (4) individuals can adjust to the environment.

To realize the desire to become one with another human being, the human social relationships or social interactions. Garna (1996: 76), states that all community groups, organizations, communities and societies formed by individuals who do interactions. Because it is a society of individuals who are taking part in the interaction, communication and interpretation together to adjust his actions, directing and self-control and perspective. Melangsung collective action of individuals in that role to obtain mutual satisfaction.

For orderly relations between humans necessary arrangements in order to be able to peaceful coexistence, peace and harmony. For in social relationships will occur actions and reactions are not always harmony but can also occur contradictions. Harsojo (1977: 128), said that the cooperative between humans require the terms of order (order). This is because: (1) a human individual or group tries as hard as possible in order to survive and be able to guarantee security, if it is possible to achieve a level of prosperity; (2) to obtain the essential condition for the survival and security necessary for social order in a high degree; (3) to achieve a high degree of social order required the existence of a socio-cultural settings, as well as mechanisms that can be used in the setting, for the implementation of the arrangement.

Based on the above description that in order to maintain harmonious social relationships existed both among fellow human beings and the natural environment surrounding the interaction required in a rule. Kimball Young in Soekanto (1990: 67) suggests that the interaction is the key of all social life, because without interaction is unlikely there will be a life together. In the social interaction of the meaning contained in mutual contact or inter-stimulation and response between individuals and groups. Alvin and Helen Gouldner (in Taneko, 1990: 110) describes that action and reaction is the interaction between people. Thus, if an individual interaction act in a way that caused a reaction from another individual.
Kimbal Young (in Taneko, 1990: 112) argues that social interaction can take place between: (1) individual persons or groups with a group of individual persons (there may be to the group or groups to person relations); (2) group by group (there is a group to group interaction); (3) the individual (there is person to person interaction). In the interaction expected adjustment (adaptation) to the environment.

According to Loomis (in Taneko, 1990: 114), that the general characteristics of social interaction, namely: (1) the amount of the culprit more than one, could be two or more; (2) lack of communication between the actors by using symbols; (3) the existence of a time dimension that includes past, present and future, which determines the nature of the action is in progress; (4) for specific purposes, regardless of the same or not the same as that estimated by the adherents.

From the above it can be conveyed the opinion that the interaction is not sufficient only to meet in the flesh or in contact with people who are around us, but also must be accompanied by communication activities. Soekanto (1990: 67), suggests that the convergence of a person's bodily mere social life will not result in a social group. Such new social life will occur if an individual or groups of people working together, talking and so on to achieve a common goal.

Thus, according to Simmel (in Kamil, 1999: 30), that social interactions have meaning and meaningful if it meets two conditions, namely: (1) the existence of contacts, asksi reaction, which includes the primary contacts through face to face (face to face) and the secondary contact , ie social contacts made through intermediaries, such as via telephone, other people, newspapers and others; (2) for communication, contacts essentially an act of an individual or a group and have a meaning for the culprit, who was later captured by individuals or other groups to provide a reaction so that the resulting communication. Any contact in the absence of an interaction of communication yet. Communication occurs only when someone captures the meaning of the action of another person or group and give reactions realized through behavior as feeling to be conveyed to another person or group.

According to Simmel (in Kamil, 1999: 29-30), social interaction is a relationship between two or more people where the behavior or actions will affect, alter or improve the behavior or actions of other individuals or vice versa. Because of that social interaction can occur when two sides are interconnected and reciprocal action (action-reaction). Furthermore, Simmel said that social interaction is the initial formation of society. Society can not be separated from some of the individuals who are in it, because it is a dynamic process that continues throughout the individual's active support.

The process according to Simmel called Sosiasi society is a society that exists because there are a number of individuals are intertwined in complex through interaction and mutual influence. Simmel says that there are two concepts contained in the community interactions that form and content. Judging from social situations, the content is the goal of society, while the shape is a kind of interaction of real social relations in society are realized through superordinasi (relationship with subordinates through domination), Subordinated (relations with superiors through obedience), harmony, representative , cooperation, conflict and others.

In looking at social interaction by Simmel (in Lawang, 1986: 256), can not be separated from the concept of form and content. Fill it refers to how interaction dimaknakan. Form and content are equally dynamic, thus giving life to the social process. If in social interaction, content and form are separated or no relationship to the content of what is being done then the resulting shape is sosialibilitas. If the shape, and the contents are not separate, form an instrument for achieving the goal of a practical nature, shape turned into the destination itself. The merging of the individual in a group occurs when there is a goal to be achieved together, but the goal will be achieved not form a pattern of interaction.

In response to social interaction, besides Simmel can also be noted here the opinion of Robert K. Merton, who explains that social interaction was formed because of the similarity of purpose and meaning of these interactions. Stated that the purpose and meaning is core (core) of social interaction, which gives weight to the interaction that is developed. The more common purpose and meaning are developed, the greater the weight of interaction are developed, there are several possible options for the individual acts in the context of interaction when interactions do not develop. At the start of the lowest tolerance is to do repairs yourself, is something that is developed wise man. Then it is accompanied by an attempt to justify the great things outside himself. Another effort made after the failure is the human tendency to take a step does not contribute to conflict by means of withdrawing from the network interaction. This action shows that humans have a basic nature to shy away from the risk of collision with other people as well as highlight the existence of oneself. While the act of openly rebelling against or is the last option of choice can not be avoided (Sanderson, 1993: 16-17).

According Soekanto (1990: 69), a process of interaction at the basis of various factors, among others, the factors imitation, suggestion, identification and sympathy. These factors can move either individually or in a state separately incorporated. Explained further that the imitation factor has a very important role in the process of social interaction. One positive aspect is that a person can push-kaedah comply with the rules and values ​​prevail, while the negative side, among others imitated action is in defiance. Factors suggestion occurs when a person gives a view or an attitude which is then received by the other party. This suggestion is actually a process of imitation was also only a different starting point. Suggestion can occur because of the party receiving the stricken emotion causing hampered rational thinking. As for the actual identification of the tendencies or desires in a person to be the same as the others. Identification is more profound than imitation, because personality can terbentk through this process. The identification process can take place either with themselves or with deliberate, because often a person requires a certain ideal types in his life. Its influence is more profound than the process of imitation and suggestion. Then the process of suggestion, actually is a process in which a person feels attracted to someone else. In this process memgang feeling very important role, even though the main impetus is the desire to understand and cooperate with others. The process of sympathy may develop if supported by a factor of mutual understanding (Soekanto, 1990: 71).

Another factor is no less important also that can contribute to the interaction, according Rahardjo (1984: 147), is the perception. Perception is a picture or an idea conceived in individual mental. This perception can be either positive or negative and is created before coming into contact with the object or develops after contact occurs. This perception underlies the formation of attitudes and the realization of the action. It is also stated by Aloysius (in Garna, 1996: 248), which states that in intercultural communication are many variables that affect, such attitude is a mental state that causes every human being has the right predisposition actions in dealing with various social events. Attitude not only affects the real behavior, but can inhibit the perception when a translating each event depends on its significance to the predisposition.

On the basis of the above description, it can be said that the patterns of action in interaction in a society formed olehh cultural value system which is reflected in the characteristics of the society and the perception or attitude that live in that society.

SOCIETY COMPOUND
Before examining the plural society, need to be presented in advance of public understanding, it is considered important because in order to understand more deeply about plural society needs to understand what the community.

According Sidiq (in Arkanudin, 2001: 87), is a collection of human society which is a unity of life that has customs and value systems and norms that basically set the pattern of relations between them. Ralph Linton (1936: 91), suggests that the public is every group of people who have lived and worked long enough together so that they can organize themselves and to think of himself as a social unity with certain limits.

Herskovits (1952), says that society is an organized group of individuals who follow a particular way of life. Gillin and Gillin (1954), said that the community is the largest group of human beings who have customs, traditions, attitudes and feelings of the same unity. While Garna (1992: 7), defines community as a group of people who occupy a geographic region that are involved in economic activities, political and also form a unit that has certain values ​​and togetherness. Haviland (1988), people have significance for humans, because it gives identity and assistance to its members.
Of the various opinions mentioned above, it can be concluded that the concept of society is related to human groups. The community arising from any collection of individuals who have long lived and worked together to form a group through social relationships with the various ethnic groups that exist in the community who have a background of different cultures.

The term plural society (plural societies), first proposed by Furnivall (1967: 446), as a result of his research on the public in the territory of the Indies at that time, namely Indonesia and Burma. From the research results suggested that FURNIVALL plural society that is a community that consists of two or more elements that live alone without mixing with each other in a political entity. He further explained that the plural society characterized in social life, they do not have a uniform demand for social services. As a community-type tropical areas where those in power and those who have mastered racial differences. Dutch people as a minority despite the increasing number of added mainly in the 19th century, at the same time he is the ruler who ruled part of a very large indigenous Indonesian people as third-class citizens in their own country. Class Chinese people, as the largest group among the other foreign east, occupies a middle position between the two groups mentioned above.
The FURNIVALL view seems to describe the condition of society at that time the Dutch East Indies. By ignoring the factor of space and time can be captured by the concept of compound masyakarakat FURNIVALL (1967: 469), is a society in which the system of values ​​shared by social unity as the parts is such that the community members have less loyalty to the society as a whole, less has a cultural homogeneity, or even less have the basics to understand each other.

In political positions, the most obvious sign of the Indonesian society is plural it is not the will of the joint (common will). Indonesian society as a whole consists of elements separated from each other because of the different races, each over a collection of individuals rather than as a whole that is organic, as individuals and their social life is not intact.

In economic life, the absence of a common will find a statement in the form of the absence of social demand internalized by all elements of society (common social demand) (Furnivall, 1967: 309-312). Every political community, according Furnivall, from nomadic groups to sovereign nations gradually over a period of time to form the civilization and culture of its own, its own art form, either in the form of literature, painting, and music, as well as various habit forming in formation informal education system with the name of each member tersosialisir as a member of that community. The needs of religious, political, and beauty, in short, all the cultural needs, have the economic aspect because everything ultimately declared themselves in an organized just as economic necessity, ie as a request or demand mejemuk community as well as with the people of Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies request society is not organized, but is sectional (sectional), and not internalized social demand shared by all elements of society. Class European, Chinese, and Native groups, each having its own demand patterns.

The absence of internalized social demand shared by all elements of society that distinguishes the source of economic character than compound (plural economi) of a society that is homogenous. If the economic process in a homogeneous society that is controlled by the common will, the social relations among the elements of a pluralistic society otherwise solely guided by economic processes with the production life of the community. Therefore classification society occurs on the basis of race, then the pattern produksipun divided into racial differences as well, in which each race has its own production function, the Dutch people in the plantation sector, the indigenous population in agriculture, and the Chinese as a marketing class that mediates between the two. In every society there is always a conflict of interest between town and country, between capital and labor Kaun, but more so in a plural society, the conflict of interest is discovered it is sharper because of the different economic interests coincide with racial differences. (Furnivall, 1967: 448).

FURNIVALL view of a pluralistic society is an Indonesian community in the days of the Dutch East Indies. Condition of Indonesian society nowadays, of course, was far different from the situation. Penegrtian pluralistic society as envisaged by Firnivall of course, can not be treated to the sight of Indonesian society today. However, by modifying the terms of which are made by some social science experts from FURNIVALL after generation, the concept of a pluralistic society, can still be used to see people of Indonesia at this time.

 Community limits more stringent compound proposed by Geertz (1969: 67-68), that is a society that is divided into sub-systems that are more or less self-contained, each sub-system is tied into the ties that are primordial. Martodirdjo (2000: 11), says that if people said compound is structurally has a diverse cultural PubSub or different. Meanwhile, according to Garna (1996: 164), that the concept of a plural society (plural society) growth of two traditions in the history of social thought. That is, the first plurality is a condition that describes a form of power-sharing among community groups who joined or consolidated, it blends a sense of loyalty is through the base (patterned cross-cutting), ownership of shared values ​​and the balance of power; both theories are presented in a pluralistic society in conflict, conflict and coercion.

Seen from the point of view or perspective of sociology and anthropology, according to Martodirdjo (2000: 11), that the structure of Indonesian society can be said to reflect the complex socio-cultural system. Horizontally characterized by the fact the unions ethnicity based differences in ethnicity, culture, religion, and other characteristics kedearahan. While vertically marked by differences between social strata sharply. These differences result in Indonesian society known as a plural society.

Pluralistic society characterized by the presence of other ethnic groups. Anthony Smith (in Martodirdjo, 2000: 1), suggests that conceptually ethnic group or tribe is a social group whose members have origins, showing the historical background and the same fate, having one or several characteristics of a form of cultural and feel unique collectivity and solidarity. In the perspective of anthropology ethnic groups described by Errol (in Bart, 1988: 11), which is commonly known as a population that contains characteristics: (1) is biologically able to grow better and survive; (2) have the same cultural values ​​in the sense of a form of culture; (3) establish its own network of communication and interaction; (4) determine its own group that received by other groups and can be distinguished from other population groups.

There is also another opinion, that characteristic of an ethnic group or tribe is the conviction that there is bound to be descendants of a common ancestor because of similarities of physical characteristics and habits of a whole can differentiate itself with other communities (Reminick, 1983: 10).

In line with the above opinion Smith (in Garna, 1996: 165), suggests that a plural society also has a variety of minority groups who have different cultural groups of various kinds, often lasting divisions and conflict. While the political side plural society ruled by a minority group that has its own culture and pluralistic society realized not on the basis of a system of values ​​are the same, but the basic conflict and coercion.

According Berghe (1969: 67-68), that are characteristic of a plural society: (1) the occurrence of segmentation in the form of groups that often have sub-cultures that are different from each other; (2) has a social structure that is divided into institutions that are non-complementary; (3) less developed a consensus among its members to the values ​​that are basic; (4) relatively often experience conflicts between one group with another group; (5) relative social integration grows over coercion and interdependence in the economic field; and (6) the existence of political domination by one group over the other groups.

Based on such characteristics, further Berghe masyarakkat compound assume that simply can not be classified into one of the two types of society according to Emile Durkheim analytical models. A plural society can not be equated with the communities that have units that are segementer kekarabatan, but it also can not be equated with the communities that have high differentiation or specialization. The former is a society which is based on groups of single lineage, but have the institutional structure that is homogeneous. The so-called second sebalikmya is a society with a high degree of differentiation with many institutions that are kompelementer and depend on each other.

Plural society which arise because of the different ethnic groups both social and cultural as well as mindset, be a separate issue in inter-ethnic relations. Martodirdjo (2000: 3), raised the issue of ethnicity is a complex social phenomenon that is central within the framework of the totality of people's lives. Ethnicity direct contact with all aspects of human life both aspects of economic, social, politioal, moral, spiritual, and physical aspects.

Viewed from the side of the plurality of ethnicity is usually characterized by the presence of ethnocentrism, which is a kind of understanding that considers its own culture is better than the culture of other people or other groups (outside). Therefore it can be said that ethnocentrism is a hallmark of feeling within the group or outside the group feeling (in group and group feeling). Ethnocentrism can be seen from two sides: positive and negative. The plus side to function sbagai important factor in order to defend themselves (and group), if there are negative effects, disturbances and threats from outside groups or other parties. Or in other words very useful to strengthen a person's allegiance to the group and also improve their morale. Negative side can bring negative consequences, such as a split or even hostility between groups in society.

SOCIAL RELATIONS IN THE COMMUNITY OF COMPOUND
As mentioned in the previous section that people who inhabited the region of Indonesia is very diverse, in the sense that it consists of various ethnic and religious backgrounds who each have customs different from one another. The plurality of society on the one hand is a gift and a wealth of invaluable, it is because of the pluralistic society of course stored various cultural potential. On the other hand pluralistic society can also give rise to various conflicts that are not unlikely to lead to conflict, due to miss communication in social interaction.

Although in a pluralistic society consists of various ethnic groups with different customs, but according Taneko (1990: 116), social interactions among them can be divided into four forms of cooperation, competition, conflict, and accommodation. Explained further that, cooperation is a form of social process in which two or more individuals or groups conduct joint activities in order to achieve the same goal. The emergence of cooperation according to Cooley (in Soekanto, 1990: 61), is when people realize that they have the same interests and the same time have sufficient knowledge and control of yourself to meet those interests through cooperation, awareness of the existence of interests equal and their organizations are important facts in a useful partnership.

 Competition is a social process, in which several people or groups trying to achieve the same goal in a way that is faster and higher quality (Hendropuspito, 1989; in Arkanudin: 2001: 38). Competition can occur in all areas of life, such as economics, position and power. Gillin and Gillin (in Soekanto, 1990: 78), stating the competition can be defined as a social process, with individuals or groups of people who seek competitive advantage through areas of life that at one time the center of attention of the public by trying to attract public attention or a way to sharpen existing prejudices without using the threat of violence. Competition may also lead to the spirit of the several kinds of activities, there is even competition that has a tendency to dispute.

Disputes may occur due to the interaction process, where the interpretation of meaning of behavior is not consistent with the intent of the first party, namely the party action, giving rise to a situation where there is no harmony between the interests and parties interact. At any attempt contention against an opponent by using violence (Juheifa, 2000: 14).

Hendropuspito (in Arkanudin, 2001: 40), stating that the property is a form of social process in which there are two or more individuals or groups trying not to interfere with each other in a way to prevent, reduce or stop the tension that will arise or existing. Soekanto (1990: 62-67), stated that the property was pointed at two meanings: the first property it refers to a process, and secondly; The accommodation refers to a situation. As a process refers to efforts to reach a settlement or dispute, whereas as a condition refers to a condition of completion of a dispute.
As a form of interaction which have been mentioned above can basically be found in all walks of life, just a different degree course.

SOCIAL RELATIONS AS THE FORMATION OF SOLIDARITY GROUPS CONTAINERS

Solidarity comes from the word meaning solidarity kesetiakawan or compactness. While the meaning solid and strong. Solidarity refers to a state of the relationship between individuals and groups based on the moral feelings and beliefs held together and reinforced by a shared emotional experience (Johnson, 1988: 181). Koentjaraningrat (1990: 164), states that solidarity is a form of cooperation in the community that include activities of mutual cooperation, mutual help and deliberation. Besides a sense of compliance based on the moral sense, the community also recognize a set of core values ​​that foster a sense of solidarity or the so-called value that unites (associative) having positive grains that brotherhood, kinship, harmony and cooperativeness.

Even Garna (1992: 7), stated that solidarity is a form of power of the internal unity of a group, the internal forces in the form of a joint compliance that is based on the bond of kinship and bonding daearah. Thus that solidarity groups according Hendropuspito (1989: 212) is a unity of life together that is characterized by the presence of the same keptuhan the value systems and norms that shape society; life helping each other is an underlying sense of brotherhood compact.

While the elements of solidarity according to Iskandar (1978: 198), are: (1) the spirit of the community; (2) interpersonal relationships; (3) the responsibility of the family to the community; (4) educational and cultural institutions that should be followed by the public; (5) religious institutions which can direct citizens in various religious activities and attitudes that should be developed in the religious life; (6) economic behavior; (7) the local government in implementing policies to manage heterogeneous society.

Functions of solidarity reflects the sense of responsibility is shared between groups in society. Furthermore, solidarity groups can be seen in various forms of events during the ceremony of marriage, death and other events that require cooperation help each other in every ethnic community in one environment.

Durkheim solidarity divides into two kinds, namely (1) mechanical solidarity, and (2) organic solidarity. Subsequently further Durkheim explained that the mechanical solidarity arises because of the similarity, that social solidarity bonds whose survival is in accordance with the repressive punishment is the only solidarity which if destroyed would cause crime.
The main elements of the mechanical solidarity among others, the collective consciousness, religious ties, and social ties such as kinship systems, tribal and community is an important factor in maintaining group solidarity (Johnson, 1988: 186).

Effect of mechanical solidarity underlying the formation of the collective consciousness, in a state that all members of society have a personality, views, values ​​and lifestyles are similar, so it appears homogeneous (Durkheim in Johnson, 1988: 187). Social groups characterized the spirit of solidarity embodied in the form of social bonding. Although a change in the solidarity of mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, but the former mechanical solidarity in the form of beliefs, values ​​and traditions of mutual emotional feelings will remain there found amid public life (Lauer, 1993: 88).

In the community in the form of organic solidarity, the emergence of organic solidarity as specialized division of labor in modern society. Organic solidarity comes from the growing differentiation and complexity in the division of labor that accompanies social development. Durkheim formulated the division of labor as a manifestation of symptoms and consequences of changes in social values ​​that are common. The starting point of these changes come from the industrial revolution and the very rapid spread in the community. According to him, not unlike conservatives who are nostalgic that saw the disintegration of society in its development, but the basis of social integration that is changing into a new form, that of mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity. The shape is really based on the interdependence between the "parts" are specialized.

Population density is the number of natural events, but accompanied by other social phenomena, namely "moral density" society. (Veeger, 1995: 149). Furthermore menurit Veeger, that with the increasing population (demographic changes) is accompanied by increase frequency of communication and interaction between the members, the more great is the number of people who are facing the same problem, and the competitive struggle to defend life, the greater the competition between them, because they were both struggling to get the resources are limited.

How the struggle for life is not menimnulkan destructive social conflict, the more it has many ideas presented. Furthermore childbirth pluralistic society, where the inter-relationship as well as the division of labor is governed by law and civil law. They began a compromise and divisions that provide living space to the larger number of people. "Moral density" it is a concept that is not natural patterned, but culture, because man himself who set up a society that is wanted.

If the collective consciousness of the society's most powerful meknik development in a simple society, where all members basically have mutual trust, views, values ​​and lifestyle all have roughly the same. The division of labor is still relatively low, does not produce a high heterogeneity, because not plural society. Another case in the organic community, a type of society that pluraslistik, people find themselves more freely. A new appreciation of freedom, individual talent and career achievements is becoming more pluralistic society basis. Collective consciousness slowly began to disappear. The work becomes more specialized and are not the same anymore, felt himself increasingly differ in beliefs, opinions, and also lifestyle. Experience patterned people are becoming increasingly diverse, as well as beliefs, attitudes, and consciousness in general.

Increasing heterogeneity does not destroy social solidarity. On the contrary because the higher the division of labor, individuals and groups in society feel increasingly more dependent on others of different jobs and specialization. Improvement is gradual, the functional interdependence between different parts of a heterogeneous society that resulted in the case of a shift in the value system of society, giving rise to a new individual consciousness. Not a division of labor that preceded the rise of the individual, but senaliknya changes within the individual, under the influence of social processes resulted in the division of labor more differentiated.
The new consciousness which underlies modern society is rooted in individuals who began to identify themselves with a more limited group found in society, they still have a collective consciousness that is limited to the group alone, for example in accordance with the job. The style of the collective consciousness is more abstract and universal. They form small solidarity groups, and of course could be mechanical.
 Solidarity by Durkheim in Taufik Abdullah and Leeden (1986: 145), divided into positive solidarity and solidarity negative. Negative solidarity does not produce any kind of integration, and thus also lacks specificity, whereas positive solidarity can be distinguished by its characteristic:

(1) That the individual binding on the public directly, without intermediaries. On another positive solidarity, individual depends on society, because people depend on the parts that make up the community of the community.

(2) Solidarity is positive that the two systems are different functions and special, which unites relationships remain. But in fact the two communities is only one course. Both simply represent two faces of the same reality, but still need to be distinguished.

(3) From the second difference comes third difference, which will characterize and name to the solidarity it.

PROBLEM ARISING OUT OF SOCIAL RELATIONS
As we know that the people who inhabit urban area consists of various ethnicities come various regions. The ethnic diversity is one of the characteristics of our society is called pluralistic society. With the diversity of society on the one hand is a wealth of national culture, on the other hand it is not uncommon these circumstances is one of the factors inhibiting towards the creation of a social harmony.

To maintain the viability of every citizen of the various communities that exist in urban areas interact with one another. Without doing any interaction with each other is impossible that they can live and maintain its existence as social beings. In this interaction tends to produce two different possibilities: first occurrence of a harmonious relationship or mismatched and the second occurrence of disharmonious relationship that ultimately is not infrequently lead to disagreement or conflict.

Gillin and Gillin (in Soekanto, 1990: 76-78), proposed classification of social processes, namely: (1) the associative process, which is divided into three special form again the accommodation, assimilation and acculturation; (2) disassociative process that includes a competition which includes controversy and disagreement or dispute (conflict). Kimbal Young, suggests forms of social processes are: (1) opposition (opposition) that cover competition (competition) and disagreement or dispute (conflict); (2) cooperation (co-operation) which produces accommodation (accomodation); (3) defrensiasi (defferentiation) which is the process by which individual persons in the community to obtain the rights and obligations that are different from others in the community on the basis of differences in age, sex and occupation.

Based on the above that social interaction will produce a wide range of responses and interpretation of both positive and negative. Rahardjo (1984: 114), suggested that positive social interaction will arise if the action in an interaction able to create an atmosphere of harmony in society. This condition can be achieved if there is mutual respect and recognize the existence of each individual or ethnicity. Negative interactions when the actions in interaction cause disharmony or disharmony condition in a group or society which in turn give rise to a conflict is not impossible.

According to Coser (in Johnson, 1986: 195), the conflict is one form of interaction. Simmel (in Johnson, 1986: 194), the real dynamics of the conflict is such, that on any particular issue there is a tendency to be two main groups, which was inevitable for the conflict. Conflict usually leads attention to the interests of the group and those who copy the contrary in the social structure. Furthermore Simmel (in Lawang, 1985: 269), there is no social interaction that is free from conflict, it is closely intertwined conflict with various uniting processes of social life.

According Koentjaraningrat, (1984: 354), a conflict may occur if: (1) competition between two or more ethnic groups in terms of getting the pitch the same livelihood; (2) the imposition of cultural elements to the citizens of the other ethnic groups; (3) the imposition of the other tribes of different religions to embrace a particular religion; (4) attempt to dominate other tribes politically; (5) the existence of latent conflicts between tribes who have traditionally hostile.

Of the five sources of conflict, we see the conflict barbagai urban areas in general is closely associated with the first source that competition in getting a living field, this fact was reaffirmed by Alqadrie (1999: 37), stating that nevertheless form of social relations between citizens ----------- whether it contains cooperation, disputes or adjustment --------- largely determined by cultural factors that tend to be coupled also with psychological factors, and structural factors relating to economic and political factors ,

M E N U T U P

Indonesian society is a pluralistic society, but live together in one container Indonesian society which is based on Pancasila and the Constitution of 1945, which occupy any island in the archipelago and grow into a whole tribe consists of a number of people who are united by ties emotional.

In carrying coexistence of various ethnic groups, they engage in a reciprocal relationship is called dynamic social interaction among people, people with a group and the group with the group.

Forms of social relationship or social interaction in a plural society different cultural backgrounds can be cooperation, competition, conflict and accommodation. Forms of social relationships in addition may lead to social tensions or conflicts between communities can also bring solidarity among plural society, such a form of cooperation in the community that include activities of mutual cooperation, mutual help and deliberation. Besides a sense of compliance based on the moral sense, the community also recognize a set of core values ​​that foster a sense of solidarity or the so-called value that unites (associative) having positive grains that brotherhood, kinship, harmony and cooperativeness.

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Furnivall.J.S. 1956. Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comprative Study of Burma and Netherlands India, Wasington  Square: New York University Press.

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Understanding Media Communications and Complete Functions

Understanding Media Communications and Complete Functions

Communication is a process that involves the relationship between humans and the surrounding environment. Without human communication would be separate from its surroundings. But without communication environment will become irrelevant activities. In other words, human beings communicate because the need to conduct the relationship with the environment. When In the course of human communication needs while understanding the communication media of communication media is all the means that are used to produce, reproduce, distribute or disseminate and also convey information.

Communications media plays an important role in people's lives. The process of sending the information in this modern age is very sophisticated. Telecommunications technology most sought after by everyone, to deliver or transmit the information or news is growing because telecommunications technology, faster, accurate, precise, easy, cheap, effective and efficient. Sharing of information between countries and continents in the world any more and is now getting easier.

Functions of communication media, including:

@. Effectiveness - with the communication media will facilitate the smooth running of the delivery of information. 

@. Efficiency - using communication media will accelerate the delivery of information. 

@. Concrete - by using communication media will help speed up the contents of a message that has an abstract nature.  

@. Motivational - using communication media will be the spirit of communication.

The types of communication media, based on its function as below:

@. The production function - a useful communication medium to produce various kinds of information, for example: PC / Computer word processing (Word Processor).     

@. The production function - a useful communication medium to reproduce and multiply information, for example: Audio tapes and video tapes recorder.     

@. Function Submission of information - communication media that serve to communication used to disseminate and convey a message to the communicant to be targeted, for example: Hand phone, Telephone, Facsimile, etc.

Media communication based forms, including the following:

@. The print media are all kinds of things in print, in which can be used as a means of delivering the message information, such as for example: newspaper / newspapers, brochures, newsletters etc.  
@. Media Audio is receiving information conveyed by using the sense of hearing, such as for example: Radio etc.
@. Visual media (media that in view) is receiving messages conveyed information using the senses of sight, for example: TV, photos etc.
@. Audio-visual media is a communication medium that can be seen at once heard, so to access the information conveyed messages, use the sense of sight and hearing senses, such as for instance: Televisions, videos etc.

Based on the scope, among others include:

External communication media is a communication medium used to establish the relationship and convey the message information with outside parties. As an example:

@. Printed or written communication media meant to reach external public as consumers, customers, partners, stockholders, and so on. For example, such as paper companies, brochures, bulletins. External media printed has a function as a media liaison, as a means of conveying information, media education, the means to shape public opinion, the means to build an image, etc.     

@. Radio is an electronic instrument that can be used as a medium of communication and information, including audio media can only provide auditory stimuli alone. Through this tool people can listen to broadcasts of events pliers occur, the most important events, problems in life and entertainment.  

@. TV / Television is a broadcast tool pictorial catcher. Television word itself comes from the word and the word tele vision, which has a meaning far (tele) and visible (vision). So television can be interpreted visible or can be viewed from a distance. To convey the message information to the public through television broadcasts can be used by advertising, inviting journalists or television reporter that contains news about activities or can also apply to fill an event broadcast on TV.     

@. Phone that is as a medium of communication, the telephone is essential to convey and receive information verbally, rapidly with the external public.     

@. Cellular Telephone (Mobile) which is one of the technological developments in this era of technological sophistication, not only the function of the mobile phone as a communication tool, but also be able to access the internet, sms, mms and are able to transmit data. With the development of mobile phone technology, the more it will help the public in a variety of activities, because now the phone can be regarded as a person's identity.     

@. Letters are written media to deliver information, can be conventional or electronic mail. The correspondence is one very important activity in the company. A lot of information out of the company through this medium, because the letter is a medium of communication that is very effective if linked can not be related directly or orally.     

@. The Internet is a network of computers connected widely and spread across the world. This network includes millions of computers that are connected to one another by utilizing a telephone network (either wired or wirelles / cordless). The media functions include easy, quick and also low in conveying information to reach the world. The Internet provides a number of applications that can be worn by the user. For example such as: chat, email, web, etc. 

@. Internal communications media are all means of delivering and also receiving messages among internal public information, and usually is non-commercial. The recipient or sender of the information that those internal public. Media that can be used internally, among others, such as: Mail, telephone, bulletin boards, house journal (Monthly Magazine), printed material (printed communications media), media meetings and talks, etc.

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Cognitive Benefits When Talking to Yourself

Cognitive Benefits When Talking to Yourself
United States, - Many people would never talk to themselves, at least almost every day or even every hour. When viewed, the purpose of this kind of behavior as irrational. However, a new study says that self-talk can help determine their stride.

Quoting Franklin P. Jones, author of motivational quotes the United States, "One advantage of talking to yourself is that you know at least a listen yourself."

A new study beginning in 2012, published by the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, psychologists Gary Lupyan of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Daniel Swingley of the University of Pennsylvania conducted a series of experiments to determine whether self-talk can help when someone wants to search for an object.

This research was inspired by the observation that people are often heard muttering to themselves when trying to find something.

In the first experiment, participants were shown 20 pictures of various objects and asked to find one of them. In some experiments, the participants saw a label containing the text to find an object or objects. In other trials, the same subjects were asked to search again by allowing them to say the word themselves.

This study found that people who talk to themselves will more quickly find what they were looking for.

In a follow-up experiment, participants performed a virtual shopping task in which they saw photographs of items commonly found in many supermarkets and are asked to find an item as soon as possible.

Participants will be asked to find an apple, or a bottle of ketchup. Here too, the participants talk to themselves about the name of the object sought. For example, say soy sauce when they are looking for will be very helpful, while saying ketchup is currently looking for a deodorant will actually slow down the search.

"When you lose your keys, you may want to mutter 'key lock' to yourself while looking for the key and you will get it," said Gary Lupyan. (sd / MBA)

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THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION IN NURSING IN CHILDREN

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION IN NURSING IN CHILDREN

INTRODUCTION
Communication in children is an important part in building trust us with a child. Through communication will be established a sense of trust, a sense of affection and then the child would feel to have an award on him. Communication in nursing practice the term is often used in the therapy aspect of the client's communication so much associated with the term therapeutic or known by the name of therapeutic communication.
Therapeutic communication is a way to foster therapeutic relationships necessary for the exchange of information and feelings, which can affect the behavior of others given the success of nursing actions depending on the communication process (Stuart and Sundeen, 1987)

DEFINITION
Communication is a process when information is conveyed to others through symbols, signs, or behavior (Haber, 1987)
Communication can take the form of verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and communication abstract (Champbell and Glasper, 1995).
Therapeutic communication ie nurse-client interpersonal relationships which obtain a shared learning experience and improve the client's emotional experience. Have therapeutic communication: specific objectives, share thoughts, feelings and present-oriented (Here and Now), focusing on the client's needs.
Communication components are as follows:
- The sender of the message
Is the individual in this case is a child, family or group who implement good communication with the individual (child) or other groups. on nursing practice messaging communication can occur between children with nurses, doctors or other health workers and parents.
- Receiving a message
A person who receives news or emblem, may be a client (child), family or community.
- messages
Is the message of the sender of the message through the speaker emblem, motion or attitude.
- Media
A means of entry into force of the symbol of the channel which can include sound and the symbol itself. The media can be a sound or a few things that can facilitate the acceptance of messages on the child like drawings or concrete and interesting games for children
- Feedback
Is part of the communication process that can be used as a means of achieving the messages / information that has been submitted. This component of the evaluation of achievement in information that is delivered to the child.
Child is defined as a person aged less than 18 years in the future growth and development with special needs either physical, psychological, social and spiritual.
Children are individuals who are in a range of developmental changes that began from infancy to adolescence. Childhood is a time of growth and development that starts from infants (0-1 years), age play / Toddler (1-2.5 years), preschool (2.5-5 years), school age (5-11 years) to adolescence (11-18 years). The ranges vary from one child to another because of different backgrounds.
Family is an important element in the care of the child. Child's life can be determined by the family, to the nursing child must recognize the family as a residence or as a fixed constant in the child's life (Wong, Perry & Hockenberry, 2002)

STAGES IN COMMUNICATION WITH CHILDREN
stage Prainteraksi
Stage introduction or orientation
stage of Work
termination stage

FACTORS AFFECTING COMMUNICATION WITH CHILDREN
Education
knowledge
attitude
Age growth and development
The health status of children
social system
channels
environment

ATTITUDE IN COMMUNICATION
Is a very important element to establish the effectiveness of the communication process. According to Egan 1995 cited Kozier and Erb 1983 communications convey attitude is something what should be done in communication both verbal and non-verbal which may include:
- Attitude dealing
Is a form of direct the manner in which a person face to face or face the child, this attitude means that communicators ready to communicate
- Attitude maintain contact
Aiming mengahargai client and said the desire to keep in touch with how to always pay attention to what is conveyed by not informed or do activities that may distract the other
- Bent attitude toward patients
This attitude is a form of attitude by providing position indicating a desire to say or hear something by way of bent slightly towards the client.
- Attitude is open
Is a form of attitude by giving the position of the foot is not folded, hand showed keerbukaan to communicate conducted during the communication process.
- Stay relaxed attitude
An attitude which shows a balance between tension and relaxation in responding to clients during communication. This attitude is necessary so that each provide a variety of information that is expected in the absence of a compulsion.
- Eye movement
to give attention to the child
- Expression advance
a nonverbal expression that is heavily influenced by the culture
- Touch
Is a fundamental way of interaction due to the feelings setuhan can receive and mengahargai. Touch is an important element in the formation of the ego, feelings and self-reliance. The touch is very important because as a communication tool in demonstrating warmth, affection which in later days (adults) can mengembangakannya.

THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION ATTITUDE
A way of behaving during the communication that may impact psychological therapy, so that psychological problems can be resolved. Consists of:
- Attitude authenticity
An attitude in the delivery of messages in children showed about the actual picture of ourselves, the attitude of them; avoid opening up too early until the child shows readiness to respond positively to openness, an attitude of trust which is used to foster trust us with a child and should be more open attitude to avoid opening up too early in the context of manipulation, by giving advice or attitudes affect children to get what is our goal in communication
- Empathy
Is a way of putting ourselves in the position of children and parents who may be demonstrated by listening to what the communicant with the intent to understand, telling ourselves we listen to what her communicant, convey empathy as kakuratan response, clarity, warmth and show empathy verbally
- Comity
The attitude that indicates an awareness / attention, sense of love and mengahargai clients. Can be demonstrated by looking at the direction of the current client communication, giving undivided attention, maintaining eye contact, smile at the right time, moving in the direction of the client, while greeting communication, handshake or a gentle touch with the permission of the communicant
- Attitude Concrete
Shape attitudes by using terminology that is specific and not abstract at the time of communication with the client, it can be shown by using the real thing as demonstrated in the real thing, through parents. can also use aids such as pictures, toys and others.

COMMUNICATION WITH CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF GROWTH KEMBANG
Age Infants (0-1 years)
Communication in general can be done through movements of the baby which is an effective communication tool. The development of communication in infants begins with the infant's ability to see objects of interest, typically at week eight. the twelfth week the baby can smile. at the age of 16 weeks the baby can be turned toward the sound unfamiliar to him. In the mid-kat baby can utter words like ba-ba early, da-da and others. in ten months baby can respond when his name was called, was able to see some of the images contained in the book, and at the end of the first year can say specific words about two or three words.
In addition to the above communication, effective communication using nonverbal communication sepertimengusap, hold, hold, etc.
Toddler and Preschool age (1-2.5 years, 2.5-5 years)
In the first year the child is able to understand about ten kat. in the second year to understand about 200-300 words. At age 3 years, children are able to master skitar 900 words. Communication at this age are egocentric, curiosity and high initiative, increased language skills, it is easy to feel disappointed and feel guilty because of the high demand, each communication must be centered on him, afraid of the reactor ignorance, and keep in mind at this age children are still not fluent speaking (Behrman, 1996).
At this age, a way of communicating that is done is to tell what happened to him, members the opportunity to touch the inspection tool is used, using the tone of voice, slow speech, if it does not have to be repeated more clearly answered with a simple direction, attitude hidarkan urgent urgent attitude to be answered such as the words "responsible dong", divert the current communication activities, providing the toy when the child is communicating with the intention to communicate, set the distance while communicating, the existence of self-awareness in which we have to avoid direct confrontation, sitting too close and face. Nonverbally we always give a boost acceptance and approval if required, do not touch a child without his consent, to shake hands with children is a way to relieve anxiety. Drawing, writing or storytelling in exploring feelings and thoughts when child communication.

School age (5-11 years)
Starting with a child's ability to print, drawing, writing letters or making big and what is being implemented reflect the mind of the child and the child's ability to read the children here can already be started. At eight years of age children are able to read and have started thinking towards life.
Communication can be done at this age are still considering the level of language skills that children use simple words that are specific, describe something that makes vagueness in children or something unknown. at this age the curiosity fusngsional and procedural aspects of a particular object is very high then explain the meaning of the functions and procedures, goals and objectives of the things in question are clear and do not hurt or threatened because this will make the child unable to communicate effectively.

Age Youth (11-18 years)
The development of communication in the teenage years is demonstrated by the ability to discuss or argue and have started to think conceptually, has begun to show a sense of shame, at this age children are often contemplate future life which is reflected in the communication. At this age begin to show the mindset towards a more positive, the case conceptualization given period is a period of transition the child into adulthood.
Communication can be done at this age is to discuss or brainstorm on peers, avoiding some of the questions that can cause embarrassment and maintain confidentiality in communication since the initial establishment of the trust and the child is in a transition period be mature.

WAY COMMUNICATION WITH CHILDREN
Some of the ways that can be used in communicating with children include:
1 Through another person or third party
The first way of communication is done by children in empowering children, by avoiding directly communicate and involve parents who sat beside
2 Storytelling
In this way the message to be conveyed to the child will be readily accepted, but the story should disamapikan according to the message, which can be expressed through writing and drawing.
3 Facilitate
In facilitating, we must be able to express feelings and should not be dominant but the child must be given in response to messages conveyed through listening attentively and do not reflect the negative expression showed poor impression for children.
4. bibliotherapy
With the granting of a book or magazine can be used to express feelings, to tell the contents of the book that corresponds to the message delivered.
5. Ask to mention the desire
It is important to know the child's complaints and desires can show your feelings and thoughts at the time
6 The choice of pros and cons
It is important to determine or know the child's feelings and thoughts, by asking a situation that shows the positive and negative selection of appropriate views of the child
7 Use of Scale
The use of scale or rank in expressing feelings of pain in children, such as the use of feelings of pain, anxiety, sadness and others, by encouraging the child to express the pain
8 Writing
Through this the child to express himself well on the state of sadness, anger or other and is usually done on children who irritated, angry and silent. Done if the child already has the ability to write.
9. drawing
As well as writing, can be used to express, nagging feeling angry venom can be expressed through pictures and the child will express when asked about the picture he wrote his point.
10 Play
as an effective tool in helping children communicate. Through this interpersonal relationship between the child, the nurse and the surrounding areas can be established and the messages can be delivered.

WAY COMMUNICATION WITH PARENTS
- Encourage parents to talk
- Navigate to Focus
- Listen
- Silence
- Empathy
- Convincing again
- Formulate back
- Giving instructions is likely what happened
- Avoiding obstacles in communication

Hopefully this can be helpful for you.

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From travelogue to Documentary Tutorial

Development of Documentary

From travelogue to Documentary Tutorial

Non-fiction film history begins with the early development of the film. Continues from still photography and the study of movement as portrayed by Edward Muybridge to the widespread trend in the art to record 'reality, in the most accurate,' 'actual' or 'nature documentary'. Trend popularized by the Lumiere brothers in 1895, is part of the first non-fiction films. Some of the film was Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory and the arrivée d'un train en gare à la Ciotat, and is only an example of the daily events recorded by a static camera. The audience was amazed because it was the first time they saw the real events in the form of film. Similar short films made by Edison in the United States and the phenomenon quickly spread around the world, marked by the emergence of similar works from Spain, India and China.

Maybe, prime examples of which characterize the form documentary is a film that emerged after the Russian revolution of 1917 and especially the work of Dziga Vertov - editing a film called Kino-Pravda news (literally means 'Truth-Film') - and develop an approach that is used in a film called Kinoki ('eye-cinema'). Her task is a filmmaker revealed that in life nothing happens by chance, filmmakers are expected to capture the dialectical relationship between events are very opposite in reality; task is to uncover the conflict contained in the antagonistic forces of life and presents with clear 'cause and effect' of the phenomena of life. The use of the medium of film by Vertov very creative and he continually emphasized the importance of the art of filmmaking and reality terpolitisirnya successfully recorded. Conflicts between the displays 'aspects' records (ie the use of the camera is not unusual, complex editing, etc.) and 'content' shown to confuse the concept of film as documentation.

It is mainly related to further work and, most famously, The Man with the Movie Camera (1929). Directed cinéma-vérité, Richard Leacock, said the news of the film Vertov persuasive, although famine and disasters that seem superficially recorded. Vertovlah aesthetic sense that in mind Leacock so keep it out of pure spirit in the field of documentary shows life as it is.

Similar formalism appeared in what became known as the documentary City Symphony Rien que les covering heures (1926), directed by Alberto Cavalcanti, and Berlin, Symphony of a Great City (1927) Walter Ruttman's work. Both works are characterized by new techniques and surreal. Basically, the second film is an overview of each city, with a piece of real images from different locations to reveal the contradictions between rich and poor. Despite one of the demands of the formalist, both films managed to achieve success in the fishing public opinion, and influential in their success using the picture of the lives of everyday people, objects and location for the effects of political and symbolic.

In the U.S., non-fiction films initially form travelogue (a term invented by Burton Holmes), a piece of a picture taken in a foreign country and exhibited in the lecture and slide show to introduce the audience to the different cultures and exotic places.

In 1904, at the St. Louis Exposition, Tours and Scenes of the World made by George C. Hale worked quite well, but did not reach the same level with the film President Teddy Roosevelt safari trip to Africa or experience Robert Scott to the South Pole. Travel films (travelogue) the interest of the American public because the film showed adventurous spirit and courage of the Americans, supporting the view that the high consciousness of Americans is evident from the pioneering spirit and the survival of the 'border area'.

This view sustains the flow Romantic tradition of filmmaking, collage travelogue begins with the cowboys and Indians and attain the perfect realization in the film by Robert Flaherty. However, it should be mentioned specifically about Merian C. Cooper and Ernest Schoedsack made Grass (1925), a film about Iranian nomadic tribes seeking fresh pastures, and Chang (1927), which follows the experience of a Thai family in the forest, in which there are also scenes of various animal predators who seek prey on women and children. The film is very affecting movie Shoedsack Cooper and the most famous, King Kong (1933).

However, Robert Flaherty was the most giving form to the documentary form as an ethnographic tool (the scientific study of other races through direct observation and anthropological). Sponsored by the clothing made of animal fur, Revillon Freres, Flaherty made Nanook of the North (1922), a study of Inuit Eskimos in the Canadian north, known as one of the most influential films in the flow.

Perhaps the film is given all the clues we need to define both the documentary and the limits of acceptable. As revealed by Calder-Marshall Barsam and above, Flaherty's film is the films 'landing' with a specific purpose: a purpose which we may call not only to record the lives of the Eskimos, but also to remember and show the days of the life of the Eskimo more primitive, more 'real', in the past. The purpose of nostalgia is only used to memitologikan Eskimo life, and to some extent shifted from the context of 'real'; until once again questioned some inherent principle, which we assume is very important in determining the 'truth' documentary.

Flaherty intervened in the film material that is most problematic when evaluating the documentary Nanook as a major. Flaherty is not satisfied simply by recording events, and he wanted to 'dramatize' reality with aspects of film culture Eskimos he knew from previous trips to Hudson Bay between the years 1910-1916. For example, he wanted to film the Eskimos hunt and seals with a harpoon (harpoon: a kind of one-eyed spear used to catch large fish, used in modern times fired) traditionally, rather than recording the scene hunting with a rifle, tool time that they use everyday. Flaherty also built an igloo to adjust the camera equipment, and set some of the style of Eskimo life to be matched with technical uses shooting in these conditions. In Moana, Flaherty showing ritual tattooing the islanders Samoa, summon back a practice that has been years never again performed. While the Man of Aran (1935), shark hunters are also shown, but no longer characterize the existence of the Aran Islands at the time.

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