GLOBALIZATION & MEDIA

GLOBALIZATION & MEDIA

This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of globalization on the basis of globalization in terms of theory. Thus the centrality of media and communications is a key feature of globalization. And with the globalization of supranational organizations appear to walk with the concept of free trade, neoliberalism and the like with a spread that is supported by the global media such as CNN, Hollywood etc. held by the ruler of capitalism.

I. Origins and thoughts About Understanding Globalization Theory

Beginning with the decline of the theories of media and cultural imperialism of a sudden. In the early 1990s, theories of media and cultural imperialism has become marginalized (excluded) to the debate on international communication. This decrease is the result of political and intellectual failure that is part of a much larger decline than the ideas and movements in the 1980's. And this affects the concept of globalization has replaced the paradigm of cultural imperialism as the main way of thinking about international media. And then, new ideas reflect a new thinking.

The theory of globalization can not be separated from general theories. And view on globalization theories suggests that the theory can form a different paradigm for understanding international communication. In this case, no single theory of globalization that controls the common assent (agreement). Conversely, there are a lot of competition on the theory of globalization. But besides the lack of common assent, there is a certain consensus that globalization means the interconnectedness (related to one another) that is greater than the general theories, and beyond these general theories differ in essence. Take one example of the concept of social theory that is modernity, which means the integration of society into capitalist modernity, with all its implications for economic, social, political, and cultural.

It was broken down on several ideas such as Giddens and Appadurai, globalization formed within and through the spread of modernity. As for Robertson, modernity is clearly a different process of globalization. And for Albrow and Bauman himself, according to their global age is the period which comes after modernity. And finally, there are writers like Herman and McChesney in the media, said that capitalism is the master category of age, and they use the term 'globalization' to mean something which can hardly be distinguished from imperialism. So to distinguish between modern globalization, the necessary characteristics of globalization and modernization itself by looking at the characteristics of each of them which include:

Distinctive Features of Modern Globalization
• communication • Rational Transformation
• Transformation technology • Timely
• Transformation of information • Function
• Transformation of transport

Of all the authors above do not exist that indicate a deal because not all writers can be grouped together as part of the same current. Even between different theoretical radically on the issue of secondary or less important, to form quite different thoughts that are labeled with the paradigm of globalization. It is necessary to synthesise the paradigm of globalization is to identify the different characteristics that underlie the most prominent theories of globalization. And the theories above can form a conceptual framework that operates on the paradigm of globalization.

II. "Strong" and "weak" Globalization in Theory

From the writers who have explained about globalization, they all use the vocabulary of globalization, but it actually operates on a different intellectual framework. Within the framework of the existing concept of intellectual strengths and weaknesses of the theory of globalization. The downside of globalization theory might be that there are modifications of the concepts used and conclusions drawn. But the system of thought, paradigms underlying it, remains the same as in the previous period. While the excess of the underlying theory of globalization has become the most prominent theory that shows a radical new things from this time period, both the object of social thought and theories and methods appropriate for this study differs from previous theories. The difference is what makes the new paradigm of globalization.

The advantages of globalization theories describe him are radically different from earlier theories. This shows that the world in which we exist today is radically different from the previous parameters. And it displays the characteristics, especially the level of relevance that Strikingly new (new flashy). So that new social forms are demanding new ways of thinking are very different theories about earlier.

Characteristic features of the global age (the global age) is an incomplete generalization characteristics are present in the previous period. Age of globalization differ greatly that the trend of development that occurs has reached the point that resulted from their interaction that is a new social order. A clear example can be understood that in connection with the media, among others, global television, which defined a different global character in the fact that globalization is formed by a series of dynamic processes of modernity contained and as a concept that refers to compression of the world and the consciousness of the world as a whole intenfikasi.

We can say that globalization has formed a new era of human history. By this we mean, socially constitutive law of the period of globalization is fundamentally different from the previous period. It can be described as a period of capitalism, or high modernity, or even industrial society, which depends on the ideological position of the commentators. But the advantages of globalization theory rejected efforts monocausal explanation (for single) and emphasizes the complexity and uncertainty of relationships in a global world, that the new economic global culture is understood as a complex, overlapping, are not sustainable which can no longer be understood in the center-periphery model (suburb center model that exists). The complexity of today's global economy associated with the disjunctures (no overlap) between the economic, cultural, political that almost did not begin to theorize (Colin.S 2007:129). Beck stated that "the various autonomous logic of globalization, among others, the logic of ecological, cultural, economic, political, and civil society whose existence side by side and can not be reduced or undermined one to another", while Held and his co-authors say that to explain the contemporary globalization as a product of expansionary logic of capitalism, or diffusion (spread) of global popular culture, or military expansion, should one side and reductionist (Colin.S 2007:130).

Theories of globalization are generally very critical of attempts to offer a single factor that explains the dynamics of the media, or any other part of the social system. In their view (Beck, Held & Giddens), one of the key characteristics that mark the contemporary world from the previous period is the need for complexity.

In the Third world, modernity is almost synonymous with conquest. In the world, modernity is the result of the modernization process that more weight as Westernization (westernized). All of them involve the power projects which traces its historical era stretching from the Third World conquest, the spread of imperialism, and domination of Western capitalism, to the contemporary efforts towards homogenization and the achievement of global consensus on the various ideas and ethical products of Western modernity (including a variety of Marxism, capitalism, liberalism, and positivism).

In conventional terms, the current era in history is generally characterized as one of globalization, technological revolution, and democratization. In the third region, the media and communications play, the central role of a decisive role. Economic and cultural globalization are described, it is not possible without a global commercial media system to promote "free trade" (global markets) to encourage consumer values. The core of the technological revolution is a radical development in digital communications and computerization.

III. Centrality of Media and Communication

The advantages of the theory of globalization argue that globalization has a unique and dynamic new social places considerable emphasis on media and communications as a center of contemporary social reality. Important communications media as the main characteristic of globalization. Barker, for example, identifying the technological advances made possible by digital networks and writes that enables media organizations to operate on a global scale to help in the process of internal organizational communication and let the media products that will be distributed worldwide. In other words the mass media is dedicated to disseminate the national standards in language, culture and behavior.

This can be illustrated in the figure of Bill Gates, and Larry Ellison, or even Rupert Murdoch, who is central to driving the relationship world, which abolished the regional isolation, development and global integration that is central to facilitating the mobility of the contemporary era. Whatever the personal views of their supporters, theories of globalization recognize that the nature of business activities tend to encourage entrepreneurs such symbolizes globalization.

As mentioned before, that globalization is formed in and through the spread of modernity and in the field of media also said that capitalism is the master category of age, and they use the term 'globalization' to mean something which can hardly be distinguished from imperialism. That way the theories of globalization recognize these actions as a necessary element in social change, which is preferred actors tend to entrepreneurs (capitalists).

IV. The growth of supranational organizations

With the emergence of supranational organizations (the above countries such as WTO, IMF and Word Bank) to make globalization a walk with the concept of free trade, neoliberalism and the like. That way the new ruler the world has come the power they have defeated the British royal feast.

Institutions like the IMF, Word Bank and the WTO are agents of the richest countries on earth, especially the United States that was formed towards the end of World War II to rebuild Europe's economy, by imposing a system of free trade, neoliberalism and the like that's what they call "global prescription or global development" is to credit / debt / investment, then by lending money to poor countries to enter the economic condition of poor countries and Western companies are allowed to process raw materials and market the country, so that the debt was used as a tool for policy of these institutions can be applied in many third world countries (this condition is the poorest country that are already in a vicious circle of poverty, they can not get out even waived was not able to save them from the poverty trap because many loans are given under the pressure of institutions international agencies or government collusion impartial people).

V. The emergence of Global Media Products

The relationship of global media system for imperialism is a complex question. In the 1970s, many Third World to be mobilized through the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization to fight against Western cultural imperialism. Third World countries to plan for the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) to discuss their concern that Western domination of journalism and culture make it nearly impossible for a country newly independent countries to escape from colonial status. Similar concern about the dominance of U.S. media heard throughout Europe. NWICO campaign is part of a broader struggle at that time by the Third World countries that officially reject the global economic injustice is seen as a legacy of imperialism. The second movement is impaled on neoliberalism that is held by the United States and Britain. And in order to prevent the formation of this NWICO will power not to decentralized information, in other words to compensate for the information center of the country (United States) against the third world.

Global Journalism is dominated by Western news services like CNN, which considers the existing capitalism, the United States, its allies, and their motives in the most imaginable. As an example of cultural "Hollywood" and the specter of U.S. cultural domination remains a major concern in many countries, for obvious reasons.

However, with changes in global political economy, the idea that the company's corporate media is just purveyors (depositor) U.S. culture is ever less plausible as a media system that became increasingly concentrated, commercial, and global. The global media giants is a classic multinational company, with shareholders, headquarters, and operations spread across the world. Global media system is better understood as one that advances corporate and commercial interests and values ​​and denigrates (defaming a good person) or overlook things that can not be incorporated into the mission. There was no difference in content companies, whether they are owned by shareholders in Japan or France or have corporate headquarters in New York, Germany, or Sydney. In this sense, the basic split is not between nation-states, but between rich and poor, across national borders.

But it would be a mistake for the idea that the global media system makes the boundaries of nation-states and geopolitical kingdom that is not relevant. Most of the contemporary capitalist activity, it is clear the majority of investment and employment, operate mainly within national boundaries, and those countries which played a key role in representing these interests. Regimes around the world are the result of neoliberal policies, urged by the U.S. government.

Conclusion

From the above elements, it forms the basis for concluding that globalization is a new paradigm which is the intellectual structure that is comparable with the previous. This paradigm, developed in the work of Lerner or Schiller. It is true that this paradigm is much less coherent (makes sense), and it is difficult to identify one central theory described as the main characteristics possessed. While it may Appadurai be a strong candidate for the theory. However, it is a way to see the world quite differently from others to get the title of globalization. Strong version of globalization paradigm states that they are radically about new theories developed to understand the radical new world situation. To do this, it is necessary to develop new and non-reductive methodology.

This new paradigm makes no direct claim on the form of practical activities that can cause social change. One of the main features of the new age is a state system dominated world affairs for the last four centuries, which now has collapsed or at least under severe pressure. This is undermined by the development of supranational political forms such as the United Nations and the European Union and by the growing power of transnational corporations. At the same time, there is a resurrection of localism, both classical and spatial relational form a new one, although the latter is the most important. The decline of state power means that it is not possible anymore for the purpose of controlling the center or centers in world affairs, which now appear as a chaos without direction and without motive, although the creative chaos.

Globalization means the capital, the big money that can be moved anywhere and anytime with the safe. In Indonesia, globalization raises debt and debt that gave birth to misery, unemployment, crisis, privatization, privatized many state firms. As a result people have to pay dearly for the health and unemployment (a result of Suharto's regime that opened free trade, neoliberalis). Globalization has led to state of the world is full of injustice and discrimination for example using a third-world workers as the manufacturing economy is part of a "global prescription or global development" such as with credit, debt and investment. So that workers become victims of exploitation because of rising unemployment and the economic crisis affected Indonesia in the late 1990s as a result lost human rights. (This condition is a result of Indonesia grew from the union with the global economy since the year after the 1960's) And the things you can do to improve the condition of the people of third world countries is that when we go shopping, ask the shop: "Where is the product made?", "working conditions how?", keperusahaan Write and tell if you want assurance that the products came from the factory that treats its workers with fair that supports the right of workers to form organizations. this is a simple way of acting as an informed consumer.

As for the form or a larger action that can be done is when "multilateral investment agreement" that could make a ruling forcing the government to repeal laws that are not profitable business and when it is submitted to the 29 countries superpower and richest of all multinational companies and large institutions such as WTO which has been worldwide, we need a global economic model that has a setting for it in every State. This is the international system must be owned, if the intention of fair to poor countries, the workers and all those affected by the "international production system" Because, U.S. Document Command write "globalization of world economy will also continue to widen the gap between" rich "and" the Poor ", the necessary international regulatory system to regulate it.

In the field of mass media and political systems, the production programs and other artifacts occur in places far more than is recognized by the paradigm of imperialism, and resulted in exchange of different programs that take place in markets where no single player dominating. In this new era, the mass media is very important because they are one of the agents who achieve transcendence (a very good quality), the limited space that is a hallmark feature of globalization. The media is so important for the constitution center of globalization which is also the bearer of a new form of cultural production are truly global in scope that transcends the limitations of a particular national state both in entertainment, news and current affairs, there is an emergent and truly global broadcasting environment. Thus, globalization in the context of mass media and political systems can not be denied that due to the terms of the advantages of globalization in terms of the weaknesses of globalization but it also leads to a form of western cultural imperialism against other cultures that its spread is supported by the mass media which resulted in the hegemony of western powers, capitalism , consumerism, hedonism and individualism. So ideally what should be done? And control of power such as how to do?

Critical Review

Looking at the reality of society in the era of globalization increasingly leads to a form of western cultural imperialism of other cultures. Cultural imperialism in question is, shifting of local cultural values ​​into the global culture. The process of cultural imperialism that occurs can not be separated from the interest (the interest) the western world with the export of modernity and consumerism propagate through the global media that shape the formation of global cultural hegemony as a form of "American Cultural Imperialism" and the acceleration of capitalist values ​​in developing countries. No we know the process of cultural imperialism is what is happening and hit communities across the world. Real indication of this process of cultural imperialism that would establish a global culture is the strong currents of consumerism, hedonism, inividualisme, and penyuguhan idol who presented to the public through a variety of entertainment events such as that broadcast by the media which is packed with various forms of packaging. Even the magical world of showbiz magic show that is so charming and sweeping sense. Humans continue stuffed with pragmatic ways of thinking and hedonic, to consume anything, and enjoy life without caring whether the way he did destroy the moral values ​​and religion. If this moral field liberalization continues, then the identity crisis has reached the point of chronic, will spread and spread throughout the body's cells causing "death of" cultural imperialism which has removed the ontological values ​​in the harsh realities of life. So it is not able to be a bulwark against the flow of imperialism. With this condition, then came a question where is the role of religion in stemming the global cultural values ​​that are clearly contrary to religious values ​​that embrace?, And the extent of the role of traditional leaders, clerics and government fortifies fortify the country's children from the strong the values ​​of imperialism?.

And is this the fact that globalization is said, with the gulf is so vast and so widespread disparities also between rich and poor. And if the global village as it is touted as the future of mankind or whether it merely the old ways that used to be done in the days of kings and is now forwarded by multinational companies with various financial institutions and government as penopangnya. For the adherents of globalization, only globalisasilah who can unite people of all races throughout the country and can eliminate poverty and to create wealth evenly. Precisely what happens is the opposite of the poor become poorer while the rich are getting fabulously rich. Side of the economic success of globalization was that one could buy anything what with the money, but there are conflicting sides of that side of the life of someone who is not rich like the workers. []

REFERENCES
The work of John Pilger film titled "The New Rules of The World". 2002

Karin Walh J and Thomas H. 2009. The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Routledge: New York.

Sparks, Colin. 2007. Globalization, Development and Mass Media. Sage Publications: London.